一、主谓一致

主谓一致是历年高考试题中的测试重点之一。一般与其它知识综合起来考察。

近几年语境综合化程度越来越高。

分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、定语从句等场合下的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考英语命题的热点。

主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持人称与数的一致关系。

有些句子不易直接看出主语的单复数,需仔细推敲。

处理主谓一致要注意语法一致,意义上一致和就近一致。

高考重点要求:

1. 根据主谓一致的三个原则(语法一致,意义一致,就近一致), 判断和确定句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致

2. 掌握固定词组作主语,谓语动词的数与主语保持一致

考生在掌握主谓一致的基本原则的同时,也要特别注意语法一致的原则,而且分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、定语从句等场合下的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。

复习时需注意的要点

1、集体名词看作整体时,谓语动词用单数,看作各个成员时,谓语用复数。

例如:His family isn‘t large.

His family are all fond of music.

2、一些名词如news, maths, physics等虽然有词尾“s”但意义上是单数,谓语动词要用单数。

例如:The news is wonderful.

Physics is an interesting subject.

3、由数词+表示重量、里程、时间、金钱等名词所构成的复数名词主语,是当作一个整体看待的,后面用单数动词。

例如:Five minutes is too short.

Ten dollars is enough.

4、主语后面跟有介词with或together with 引导的短语时,谓语动词一般与前面的主语的人称和数一致。

例如:The teacher together with ten students is doing an experiment in the lab.

5、主语前有every或each修饰时,无论有几个主语,谓语动词用单数。

例如:Every teacher and every student in our school has been to the Century Park.

【精选试题】 名校模拟题及其答案

1、He is the only one of the students who _______a winner of scholarship for three years.

A. is B. are C. have been D. has been

2、Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.

A. work B. working C. is working D. are working

3、Not only ______interested in football but ______beginning to show an interest in it.

A. the teacher himself is … all his students are

B. the teacher himself is …are all his students

C. is the teacher himself …are all his students

D. is the teacher himself …all his students are

4、——“Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _____ to go to university.”

——“So do I.”

A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped

5、E-mail, as well as telephone, ______ an important part in daily communication.

A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. hoped

6、Books of this kind ______ well.

A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold

7、Every possible means ______ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.

A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used

8、When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ______ yet.

A. are not decided B. have not been decided

C. is not being decided D. has not been decided

答案与解析

1.D【解析】 这是一个定语从句。在one前是否有定冠词决定定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式:one of the

students中的先行词是the students,定语从句中的谓语动词要用复数形式。the only one of the

students中的先行词是the only one,定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。又因“for three years”是完成时的标志。

2.C【解析】Professor Smith决定谓语动词的数;his assistants和谓语动词的数无关。

3.D【解析】not only …but (also )连结两个句子,用部分倒装。

4.B【解析】“each of +名词复数”谓语用单数。

5.A【解析】本题考察主谓一致,当主语后面跟有as well as短语时,其后的谓语动词不受as well as之后的名词影响,仍然和主语在人称和数上保持一致。

6.A【解析】“kind(s) of + 名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数依kind 单复数而定:“复数名词 + of this/that kind ”作主语时,谓语动词的数依of 前面的名词而定。本题中sell 用作不及物动词表示“销售”。

7.C【解析】 mean单数复数一个形式。在本题中代表单数。

8.D【解析】不定式作主语,谓语动词用单数。

二、虚拟语气考点透析

考点1:虚拟语气的基本用法

1.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的一般过去时(be动词用were)+其他成分+if+should/would/could……+动词原形+其他成分。

例如:

①If it were not for the fact that she ______ sing,I would invite her to the party.

#39;t n't #39;t not

【解析】句意为:如果不是因为她不会唱歌的事实,我会邀请她来参加那次聚会的。that从句为同位语从句,描述的是事实,用陈述语气。正确答案为C.

2.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的过去完成时+其他成分+if+should/would/could……+have done+其他成分。

例如:

If the weather had been better,we could have had a picnic.But it ______ all day.

rained raining

【解析】句意为:如果天气好的话,我们是能够去野餐的,但是下了一天的雨。句子前半部分陈述的是与过去事实相反的事情,所以用了虚拟语气。“下了一天的雨”是事实,所以用陈述语气。因为是发生在过去的事实,所以正确答案为A.

3.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的一般过去时/should do/were to do+其他成分+if+should/would/could……+动词原形+其他成分。

例如:

If I ______ plan to do anything I want to,I'd like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.

to to

【解析】句意为:如果我能够计划做我想做的事情,我想去西藏并且尽可能多玩一些地方。句子描述的是与将来事实相反的事情,所以正确答案为B.

考点2:含蓄虚拟条件句

这样的虚拟句不含有if从句,而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句,主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。例如:

Thank you for all your hard work last week.I don't think we ______ it without you.

manage have managed managed have managed

【解析】由语境可知这里要表达的意思是:如果没有你们辛勤的工作,我们不可能处理好这件事。很显然,这是对过去发生的事实的虚拟,所以要用could have done,故应选B.

考点3:主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句

在有些虚拟条件句中,主从句时间不一致,应根据不同情况区别对待。

例如:

It's hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I

______ in love,at the age of seven,with the Melinda Cox Library in my

hometown.

n't have fallen not fallen fall to fall

【解析】句意为:如果不是我在七岁时爱上家乡的Melinda Cox图书馆的话,很难想象今天的我会是什么样子。主句描述的是与现在事实相反的事情,从句描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。正确答案为B.

考点4:名词性从句中的虚拟语气

在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等含义的名词性从句和在it做形式宾语或形式主语的复合句中,宾语补足语是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a

pity/a shame等表示“惊奇、惋惜或者理应如此”等含义时,从句中的谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”,其中should可以省略。

例如:

—Don't you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York?

—I agree,but the problem is ______ he has refused to.

not be sent;that be sent;that not be sent;what not send;what

【解析】问句句意为:难道你不认为必须把他送到迈阿密而不是纽约吗?句子表示理应如此的意思。正确答案为B.

三、情态动词考点透析

考点1:情态动词基本含义的考查

情态动词的基本含义,一直是高考考查的重要内容。

例如:

1. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone______get out.

A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could

解析:考查情态动词的基本含义。had to:不得不; would:表示意愿或过去常常;could倾向于表示经过长期训练而获得的能力;was able to 表示经过努力而能够做到的事或成功地做了某事。因此,答案是C.

分析:高考对情态动词基本含义的考查,仍然集中在常用的情态动词上。对常用情态动词的含义,要掌握的既准确又要全面,特别是shall, should, can, may 四个常用情态动词的含义较多,不易理解,复习时应当引起重视。

考点2:情态动词表示推测的考查

对情态动词表示推测的用法,是高考考查情态动词的一个重要方面。

例如:

1. Sorry, I'm late. I______have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again

A. might B. should C. can D. will

解析:might have done : (过去)可能做过某事;shouldhave done :本应该做某事。根据本句提供的情境I'm late 表明说话人可能把闹钟关上了。答案是:A.

分析:高考对表示推测的情态动词集中在must, can, could, may,

might上,准确掌握它们使用的场合,是解决问题的关键。Must 用于肯定陈述句,表示肯定推测;can,

could用于疑问或否定陈述句,表示可能性推测;may, might用于陈述句,表示可能性推测;用于否定陈述句中,can't

(不可能)的语气比may not(可能不)强。此外,还要注意有对过去和对现在两种情况的推测,对过去推测用情态动词+have done

,对现在推测用情态动词+ 动词原形。

考点3:情态动词表示虚拟的考查

情态动词+have+过去分词表示与过去事实上相反的情况,也是高考单项选择题涉及到情态动词的一个重要方面。

1. There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party. You______come, but why didn't you?

A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have

解析:ought to have done 表示本来应该做某事而实际没做,should do 表示现在应该做某事,与题中 at yesterday's party 表示的时间不一致。所以选D.

分析:高考对情态动词表示虚拟'用法,表示与过去事实相反的情况。近几年高考,主要侧重should (not)have

done 这一句式上,表示本来不该做却做了或本来该做却未做的事,在复习时,还应关注其它几种虚拟形式,如need (not)have done

表示本来需要做而未做或本来不需要而做的事等等,以做到有备无患。

考点4:情态动词与助动词混合考查

1.Tom ,you didn't come to the party last night?

—I _____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do .

A. had to B. didn't C. was going to D. wouldn't

解析:had to:不得不;didn't:没来;was going to:打算来;wouldn't:不愿来。句意:——汤姆,昨晚你没来参加舞会吗?——我本打算来,但我突然记起有作业要做。But是关键词,所以答案是:C.

【精选试题】 名校模拟题及其答案

1.“I still haven't thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “It's time you _____.”

A. do B. did C. had D. would

2.If I hadn't been lucky enough to meet you. I really _____ what I would have done.

A. don't know B. hadn't known C. wasn't knowing D. wouldn't know

3.“I've told everyone about it.” “Oh, I'd rather you _____.”

A. don't B. hadn't C. couldn't D. wouldn't

4.It has been raining for a day, but eventhough it hadn't rained, we _____ there by tomorrow.

A. can't get B. won't get C. hadn't got D. wouldn't get

5.“Do you know his address?” “No, I also wish I _____ where he _____.”

A. knew, live B. knew, lives C. know, lives D. know, lived

6.“Isn't it about time you _____ to do morning exercises?” “Yes, it is. Would you like to join us?”

A. begin B. have begunC. began D. had begun

7.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be

doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox

Library in my hometown.

A. wouldn't have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall

8.He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.

A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored

【答案与解析】

1.【解析】选B.It's time you did 为 It's time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法,it's time 后从句通常要用过去式。

2.【解析】选A.虽然前有虚拟条件句, 后有使用了虚拟语气的宾语,但 I don't know 却宜用一般现在时,因为 I don't know 表述的是现在的真实情况,句意为“我要不是有幸遇到你,我真不知(指现在不知)我会做出什么蠢事来”。

3.【解析】选B.I'd rather 后接从句时,从句谓语的时态规律是:用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示过去。

4.【解析】选 can't get there by tomorrow 为客观事实,故宜用陈述语气。

5.【解析】选B.第一空填 knew,因为 I wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气(即用过去式表示现在的想法);第二空要填lives,即用陈述语气,因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实,而不是 I wish 的内容。

6.【解析】选C.It's time… / It's high time… / It's about time… 等后接从句时,从句谓语通常用过去式。

7.【解析】选 B.此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句,主句与现在事实相反,条件句与过去事实相反。句意为:要不是在七岁时就迷上了 Melinda Cox 图书馆,我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。

8.【解析】8. 选 D.这是otherwise 引出的含蓄虚拟语气,再根据前面的 hesitated 可进一步知道这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,由此可推知答案选 D.

四、形容词和副词

[hide]形容词、副词是每年高考必考点之一,近几年语境综合化程度越来越高,难度加大。高考热点有:形容词、副词词义辨析;原级、比较级、最高级的使用;倍数的表达方法;比较等级的修饰语;多个形容词的排列顺序;常见形容词、副词的惯用法等。

考点1:在具体的语境中辨析形容词与副词的语义

从复现的频率来看,此点是高考对形容词、副词考查的第一大热点。解答此类题关键是要分析具体的语境,结合基本词义、搭配等来选择正确的答案。

经过统计,常见常考的形容词和副词有(按频度排列):even; interested; interesting; yet;

hardly; just; therefore; though; too; very; common; effective; either;

ever; fair; however; less; more; nearly; only; purposefully; rather;

still; such; surprised; surprising

还有以下形容词和副词应当熟悉和掌握: a good many; a number of; acceptable;

accidentally; actively; adequately; already; another; anxious; anyway;

ashamed; attentively; bad; badly; besides; better; but; careful;

changeable; cheap; comfortable; convenient; eagerly; easy; encouraging;

enha-ncing; equal; even though; eventually; fairly; far; fewer;

following; formally; friendly; gen-erously; gradually; heavily;

historic; hopefully; immediately; inaccessible; individual; inevit-able;

initial; instead; invisible; largely; never; next; no; normal;

nowadays; obviously; ordin-ary; other; otherwise; patient; plenty of;

prac-tical; promoting; proper; quickly; readily; reasonable; remote;

seldom; seriously; short; so; stimulating; traditional; unavailable;

unav-oidable;

unfavorable; unfortunately; usual; va-rious; weak; well

考点2:考查形容词、副词的比较级、最高级及前面的修饰语

【备考清单】

1) 比较级、最高级的选用及应用范围

比较级、最高级常用于表示两者或多者间的比较。复习中须注意如下句型的用法:

① as + 原级adj. / adv. + as表示“和……一样”及not as / so + 原级adj. / adv. + as表示“不如……”。

例如:

(94全国) John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.The piano in the other shop will be cheaper, but not as good.

② as + 原级adj. + a(n) + n. + as表示“跟……一样”。例如:

(2001全国) It‘s generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.

(2003北京) Our neighbour has as big a house as ours.

③ 比较级 + than表“比……更”及less …… than表示“不如……”。例如:

This year they have produced less grain than they did last year.

This road is wider than that one.

④ the + 比较级, the + 比较级表示“越……,就越……”。例如:

(93上海) It‘s believed that the harder you work, the better result you’ll get.

⑤ the +比较级+ of the + 名词 / 代词表示两者中“较……的”。例如:

Who is the younger of the two boys?

⑥比较级 + 比较级(越来越……)。___ 例如:

Our country is getting stronger and stronger.

Things became worse and worse from then on.

⑦用the last表示“最不可能的”、“最不适合的”、“最不希望的”等。例如:

The last thing I want to do is to offend you.我最不愿意做的就是惹你生气。

He is the last man I want to see.他是我最不希望见的人。

2) 形容词、副词原级、比较级、最高级前的程度状语

① 注意一些形容词或副词前的特定修饰语。

例如:

(2004广东) Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasn‘t always that much to do. (那样多)

② 比较级前常可用still, even, much, far, a lot / little / few / bit, rather, any, a great deal, so far, by far, no等词修饰。(注意more不用于修饰比较级)。

例如:

(2000上海) You‘re standing too near the cinema. Can you move a bit farther?

③ 最高级可用序数词、much、 by far、 nearly、 almost等词修饰。

例如:

Africa is the second largest continent.

I like this film the very best / much the best.

考点3:形容词作表语,形容词、副词作后置定语

【备考清单】

1)形容词用于系动词后作表语

在最近几年高考试题中系动词加形容词作表语的情况出现过很多次。高考对此点的考查集中于区别到底是系动词还是一般动词并选择合适的形容词,而不是副词作表语。常见的联系动词有如下三类:

表示感觉的系动词:sound, look, taste, appear, smell, feel, seem等

表示变化的系动词:become, fall, get, turn, grow, make, come, go等

表示状态存在的系动词:remain, keep, stay, continue, prove, lie, stand等。例如:

2)形容词、副词作后置定语

【备考清单】

常见的几种修饰语后置的情况有:

①形容词修饰something, nothing, anything, everything等不定代词时要后置。

②present作“出席的”时只作后置定语。

③表语形容词如alive, asleep, awake, alone等只能作后置定语。

④副词修饰动词时, 放在动词之后。修饰形容词或副词时,

放在被修饰词之前。enough修饰形容词、副词时要后置,修饰名词时可放在名词的前后。形容词短语修饰名词作主语时要后置。用and或or连接的形容词作定语时要后置,

起强调作用。表数量的词作定语时要后置。副词修饰形容词的特殊词序, “so, as, how, too + 形容词 + 单数可数名词”。

考点4:倍数表达法

【备考清单】

三种常见倍数表达法:

1)倍数 + as + 原级形容词 + as ……。例如:

This road is three times as long as that one.

2)倍数 + the size / length / width / depth / height of ……。例如:

The river is five times the width of that one.

3)倍数 + 比较级 + than + 被比较对象。例如:

The sun is a million times larger than the earth.

考点5:多个形容词作定语时的排序问题及语序不同意义不同的词组

【备考清单】 多个形容词作定语时的排序一般遵从如下规律:如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多,则音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后。

例如:a small wonderful gift

常用的顺序为:

限定词+描绘性形容词(beautiful)+大小、长短、高低等形容性形容词+(large, long, high)+新旧(old)+颜色(red)+产地(Chinese)+材料(wood)+用途(writing)+被修饰名词(desk)

记住以上规则是必要的,但还应多阅读、多体会,增强语感是关键。

例如:

all these last few days 最近的这些日子

some beautiful little red flowers 一些美丽的小红花

a high red brick wall 一堵高高的红砖墙

a beautiful white Japanese military jeep 一辆漂亮的白色日本军用吉普车

其中限定词的排列顺序为:

all / both / half / double / 倍数词 / 分数词 + 冠词 / 指示代词 / 物主代词 /

名词所有格 / some / any / no / every / each +基数词 / 序数词 / little / few / last /

next / other / another / more,形容词的排列顺序为:大小、长短、高低、新旧、颜色、产地、材料、用途、类别等。

尽管以上给出了排序的基本规律,但由于所涉及的词太多,想要记清楚确实有难度。下面给出四句口诀辅助记忆:

所有这些词, 顺序往后数;

美小圆旧黄,法国木书房。

上面口诀中前两句主要用于解决排在最前边的多个限定词之间的顺序。它可以应用于all (所有) these (这些) last

(顺序) few (数量) days短语中。这个短语基本上可以体现多个限定词之间的先后顺序。口诀后两句可对应一句话“This is a

charming small round old yellow French wood reading

room.”其中多个形容词之间的先后顺序基本上可以在这一句中得以体现,而且汉语歌诀的形式将使记忆更形象、更深刻。利用以上歌诀时最好是“抓两头”,即牢记排在最前边的限定词及排在最后边的形容词,如产地、材料、用途等,则能轻松突破此难点。

考点6:考查形容词与副词区别, 易混词带有-ly的形容词、副词及复合形容词

【备考清单】

1)注意如下有无-ly的形容词和副词的意义区别:

wide / high / deep(具体的意义)宽 / 高 / 深

widely / highly / deeply(抽象意义)广泛地 / 高度地 / 深深地

most十分、非常 / 最多(大)的

mostly主要地、绝大多数地、多半

close靠近地

closely密切地、仔细地

late迟的,迟到的

lately最近、近来

direct直接(主要用于谈论路程和时间,和straight意思相同)

directly直率地、立即

2)注意合成形容词本质上是一个形容词,其合成部份中的名词不能变为复数形式。

例如:

He wrote a two-thousand-word report.

His uncle is 6 feet tall. He is a forty-year old man.

3)“名词+ ly”构成的是形容词,而不是副词。

这类形容词有friendly, lovely, weekly, monthly, daily等

4)有些词既可以作形容词也可以作副词。

例如:

He got up late, so he was late for school again.

Can you see that straight road? Go straight along this road, you‘ll find the supermarket at the end.

【精选试题】 名校模拟题及其答案

1.How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _____ voice.

A. a better B. a best C. the better D. the best

2.Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _____ known for his plays.

A. the best B. more C. better D. the most

3.The plane flew smoothly ______ in the sky and people spoke ______ of the experienced pilot.

A. high;high B. highly;highly C. high;highly D. highly;high

4.—— What do you think of the concert?—— Oh, it was______success.

A. a very B. quite a C .so D. really

5.I haven‘t seen______ this since I collected stamps.

A. as old a stamp as B. so an old stamp asC. stamp as old as D. as an old stamp a

6.The task is too much for me, so I can‘t carry on ______any longer. I must get some help.

A. singly

7.Have your working conditions improved?

——No,___than before, I‘m afraid.

A. no better B.a little batter worse worse

8.To their great relief,the missing child returned home, ______, after an absence of two weeks.

tired and sound and g tired but soundly but sound

答案与解析

1.A【解析】容易误选D,认为最高级前要用定冠词。其实此题最佳答案为A,该句可视为…I have never heard a better voice than her voice 之省略,全句句意为“她唱得多好啊!我从未听过她这么好的声音”。

2.C【解析】此题首先不宜选B或D,因为 well known 的比较级和最高级通常是

better known和best known,有时也可以是 more well known 和 most well known,但通常不能是

more known 和 most known.至于是选A还是C,这就要看语境。由于句中涉及的只有 stories 和 plays

两个对象,故应选比较级。

3.C【解析】 high in the sky 是个形容词短语,意为“高高地在天上”。同时,speak highly of 是个词组,表示“高度赞扬”的意思。

4.B【解析】 quite a , quite some用以指人或物不寻常,如We had quite a party.(我们的聚会不一般。)It must be quite some car.(那辆车可不比寻常。)

5.A【解析】表示“象这么旧的邮票”可用以 下形式表达:as old a stamp as this; a stamp as old as this; 否定句中前一个as可用so.

6.C【解析】句意:这项任务对我来说太重了,我再也不能单独自己做了,我必须找个助手。Singly各自的,一个一个地;simply简单的,仅仅,只不过;alone独立,单独;lonely孤独的,寂寞的。

7.A【解析】你们的工作条件改善了吗?——没有,和以前一样(不好)。no+比较级+ than 表示“两者同样不……的意思”。

8.D【解析】句意:使他们宽慰的是,丢失的孩子两周后又重返家园,虽然很疲惫但很健康。形容词作状语表示伴随或结果,不表示动作的方式。

都掌握了吗?小测一下吧————

答题区

1、1、______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth…is

B. Two fifth…are

C. Two fifths…is

D. Two fifths…are

2、2. If only he _______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.

A. lies

B. lay

C. had lain

D. should lie

3、3. We must keep our room clean, for dirt and disease go______, you know.

in hand

by step

time ti time

zfter another

4、4. How are you getting on with your classates? ——______. I‘ve got to know them all.

A. Far better

B.Much pleased

C.Very comfortable

D.Very good

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