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能给我详细讲一下直接引语变间接引语吗 直接引语和间接引语分别是什么

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同学你好~
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“ ”标出,叫做直接引语;用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号的叫做间接引语。
She said,I like English very much.(直接引语)

She said she liked English very much.(间接引语)


一、时态的变化

直接引语变为间接引语时,若主句为过去时态,变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后退一个,即
一般现在时变为一般过去时,
一般将来时变为过去将来时,
现在进行时变为过去进行时,
现在完成时变为过去完成时,
一般过去时也变为过去完成时,等等(若直接引语为过去完成时,变为间接引语可以不变)。

另外,若直接引语中有情态动词can, may等,也应变成过去式could, might等 (情态动词must可以变为had to,也可不变,should, ought to, had better 等可以不变)。如:
“I like to watch TV,” she said. 她说:“我喜欢看电视。”→She said that she liked to watch TV. 她说她喜欢看电视。
He said, “I’m waiting for her.” 他说:“我在等她。”→He said that he was waiting for her. 他说他在等她。

“It will rain soon,” he said. 他说:“很快就会下雨。”→He said that it would rain soon. 他说很快就会下雨。

注意:(1) 若直接引语为客观真理,则变为间接引语时时态不变:

The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.” 老师说:“地球绕着太阳转。”→The teacher said that the earth turns around the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳转。

(2) 有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语,变为间接引语时时态也可不变:

He said, “I was born in 1954.” 他说:“我是1954年生的。”→He said that he was born in 1954. 他说他是1954年生的。


二、时间状语的变化

直接引语变间接引语时,有些时间状语根据情况也要相应的改动:如
将now改为then,
将today 改为that day,
将tonight改为that night,
将yesterday改为the day before,
将this month改为that month,
将last week改为the week before,
将three years ago改为three years before,
将tomorrow改为the next day,
将next year改为the next year,等等。如:

He said, “I’m very busy now.” 他说:“我现在很忙。”→He said that he was very busy then. 他说他当时很忙。

He said, “I want to leave today.” 他说:“他想今天离开。”→He said that he wanted to leave that day. 他说他想那天就离开。

以上变化有时应视情况而定,若在当时、当天等转述,则时间不必改。

三、代词的变化

在直接引语变为间接引语时,有些代词也要作相应的变化,如指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。同时人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等也要根据具体情况作出合理的调整。如:

He said, “I think this is the best.” 他说:“我认为这是最好的。”→He said that he thought that was the best. 他说他认为那是最好的。

“I’ll send you a card, Sue,” Ann said. “休,我将给你寄一张明信片,”安说。→Ann told Sue she’d send her a card. 安告诉休她将给她寄一张明信片。

注:若场所和地点不发生改变,this和that也可以不变

四、地点状语的变化

主要涉及的地点状语是here,它在间接引语中通常要变为there。如:

“I’ve live here for 10 years,” he said. 他说:“我在这儿已住了10年。”→He said that he had lived there for 10 years. 他说他在那儿住了10年。

注:若在当地转述,则here也可不必改为there。

五、动词的变化

直接引语变为间接引语时,有个别动词也可能需要改变,如come改为go,bring改为take等。如:

“He will come today.” she said. 她说:“他今天会来。”→She said that he would go that day. 她说他那天会去。

注:若地点和场所未发生改变,come和bring等也可不变。

六、词序的变化

对于直接引语为疑问句的情形,由于变为间接引语后“疑问句”变成了宾语从句,所以要注意将疑问句词序改为陈述句词序。如:

“Do you know this man?” he asked. “你认识这个人吗?”他问。→He asked if [whether] I knew that man. 他问我是否认识那个人。

“Is anyone late for class?” he asked. 他问道:“上课有人迟到吗?”→He asked if [whether] anyone was late for class. 他问上课是否有人迟到。

七、句式的变化

有时由直接引语变为间接引语时,其句式也要发生变化。如当直接引语为祈使句时,变为间接引语时,通常应将祈使句改用ask [tell, order] sb (not) to do sth句式。如:

“Come early tomorrow, Jim,” he said. 他说:“吉姆,明天早点来。”→He told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早点来。

He said, “Don’t open the door.” 他说:“别开门。”→He told me not to open the door. 他叫我别开门。

注:(1) 除动词 ask, tell, order 外,有时也可能用其他动词。如:

“Remember to switch off all the lights,” she said. 她说:“记着把所有的灯关掉。”→She reminded me to switch off all the lights. 她提醒我把所有的灯关掉。

(2) 若祈使句中没有呼语,应根据句意给动词 ask, tell, order 等补上适当的宾语。如:

“Be quiet, Tom,” the teacher said. “汤姆,安静点,”老师说。→The teacher told Tom to be quiet. 老师叫汤姆安静。


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