英语语法基础知识学习
语法在英语的学习中可以说是起到承上启下的作用，因为要想把学到的单词连接成句子，再写成文章，就必须要考语法来实现。所以，语法在英语的学习中也是起到相当关键的作用。下面，沪江小编就为大家介绍一下英语语法的基础知识。
句子成分与句子
第一章 句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语句子主要成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语、补足语和定语。
1、主语
主语是一个句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事情，表示句子描述的是“谁”“什么”。主语一般位于陈述句句首，但在there be结构中主语位于谓语后面。
能作主语的有名词类(含代词、数词);非谓语(含不定式、ing 分词)、从句。
1)名词类
Professor Smith is a famous scientist.史密斯教授是著名的科学家。
We often speak English in class.我们经常在课堂上说英语。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班1/3的学生是女生。
2) 非谓语
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一门外语是必要的。
Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟有害健康。
3)从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候进行英语测验还没有决定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。只有动词在句中才能作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
1)简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached China.昨天下午他到达桂林。
2)复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.
你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。
He has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.
他患了重感冒，必须去看医生。
3、表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem等)之后。
能作表语的有名词类(含代词、数词);形容词;非谓语动词(含分词、不定式、动名词;介词短语、副词及从句。
1)名词
He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航员。
2)形容词
The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。
3) 非谓语动词
My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英语。
The speech is exciting.这演讲激动人心。
His hobby is playing football.他的爱好是踢足球。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老师对我的英语口语很满意。
4)介词短语
The machine must be out of order.这机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。
5)副词
Time is up.The class is over.时间到了，下课。
My father isn’t in.He is out.我父亲不在家，他出去了。
6)从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad.实际情况是他从未出过国。
What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.
我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。
4、宾语
宾语表示及物动作的对象或承受者，用于回答谓语“谁”和“什么”，一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
可充当宾语的内容和主语一样。
1)名词类
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。
We should learn from him.我们应该向他学习。
2)非谓语类(不定式、ing 分词)
He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。
3)从句
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
他问我班上谁的发音最好。
5、补语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。
1)宾语补足语：
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。(名词)
He doesn’t believe the story true.
他不相信这故事是真的。 (形容词)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
医生建议她卧床休息一周。 (不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
他们看见她进书店了。 (分词短语)
The children saw the kite up and up.
孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。 (副词)
You should put your books in order.
你应该把书摆整齐。 (介词短语)
2)主语补足语：含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时，原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。
We found him working in the office.(在此主动句子中working是宾补)
我们发现他正在办公室工作。
He was found working in the office.(在此被动句子中working是主补)
他被发现在办公室工作。
6、定语
用来修饰、说明、限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
可充当定语的有形容词;非谓语类(含不定式，ing 分词和ed 分词);名词类(含代词、数词、名词所有格);介词短语、副词和从句。
单个词作定语通常位于所修饰的词之前，但短语、从句作定语时通常位于所修饰的词之后。
1)形容词
Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是一座美丽的城市。
A bright future shines before us.光明的未来展现在我们眼前。
2) 非谓语类
The building to be built next year will be our school.
明年要建的那幢楼将是我们的学校。
China is a developing country;America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。
3)名词类
There are thirty women teachers in our schoo1.我们学校有30名女教师。
More than thirty students in our class have read the book.
我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad.玛丽的父母出国了。
4) 介词短语
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。
Who is the girl in red? 穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁?
5)副词(多位于被修饰词之后)
A noise outside made him turn around.外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room below is friendly.楼下房间的那人很友好。
6)从句
There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。
I will remember the day when I first met her.
我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。
7、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
可充当状语的主要有副词、介词短语、非谓语类和从句。
1)副词
Light travels most quickly.光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there.
到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2)介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years.他在那座城市住了10年了。
In spite of the difficulties，we went on with our work.
尽管有困难，但是我们仍继续工作。
3)非谓语类
The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太重，我抬不起。
He is in the room making a model plane.他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do，he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
他不知道怎么办好，就去问老师。
Encouraged by the teacher，I made up my mind to learn English well.
在老师的鼓励下，我决心把英语学好。
4)从句
Once you begin，you must continue.一旦开始，你就得继续下去。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.
为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。
状语的种类
1)时间状语
How about meeting again at six? 6：00再见面怎样?
2)原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
由于下雨，她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
3)条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨，我将到那里去。
As(So)long as you work hard，you can make rapid progress in English.
只要你努力，你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4)地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在3楼。
Where there is water，there is life.有水的地方，就有生命。
5)方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.
他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6)伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
老师走了进来，后面跟着一群学生。
7)目的状语
In order to catch up with the others，I must work harder.
为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine.我去那里看我的一个朋友。
8)结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.他累极了，立刻就睡着了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我们到了那儿只发现了一个空房间。
9)让步状语
She works very hard though she is old.
虽然她年纪大了，但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come，you are warmly welcomed.
不管你什么时候来，都欢迎。
10)程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.
听了英语的故事，他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。
11)比较状语
I am taller than he is.我比他高。
The more I speak English，the better I’ll be.我越多讲英语，就讲得越好。
句子成分练习
指出下列句中画线部分的词性及在句中的作用
1. Tonight we have something special for dinner.
2. a. Thank you for years of your valuable service
b. She keeps her jewels, money and other valuables in the bank
3. He is a very fine musician.
4. a. The farmer enjoys the beauty of the long stretch of his land.
b. My wool sweater stretched when I washed.
5. a. I had a sharp pain in my back.
b. The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp.
6. a. Sound travels at 1,000 feet per second.
b. Your idea sounds a good one.
c. Old as Mary is，she still enjoys sound health
7. a. Father booked three seats on a plane.
b. Tom bought the tickets at the booking office outside the cinema.
8. a. On his way home he bought some apples at fruit stand.
b. The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer
c .This book stands high in my opinion.
9. To construct a reservoir is an important government project
10. a. Lovely Christmas presents are placed on the floor around a tree.
b. When George left office, the director presented him with a silver teapot.
c. We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future.
第二章 句子
第一节 简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子的主要特征是：是句子就必须含有主、谓。英语简单句有以下五种基本句型。
1.主语+系动词+表语(简称，主系表)
系动词+表语构成名词性合成谓语;可作表语的有名词、名词所有格、代词主格或宾格、名词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等。
She is a student.(名词)她是个学生。
He seems a clever boy.他似乎是个聪明的男孩。
She looks like her mother.(介词短语)她样子象她母亲。
The film is moving.(现在分词)这影片令人感动。
This shirt is not yours，but hers.(名词性物主代词)
这件衬衫不是你的，是她的。
2.主语+不及物动词(简称，主谓)
The sun rises.太阳升起来了。
He has just come.他刚来。
3.主语+及物动词+宾语(简称，主谓宾)
We love our motherland.我们热爱祖国。
she reads newspapers after supper.她晚饭后读报。
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor.李平想当医生。
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(简称，主谓双宾)
直接宾语和间接宾语又叫双宾语。直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。二者没有逻辑的主谓关系。要求跟双宾语的动词可分为两类：
(1)give，show，send，pass，hand，lend，post，serve，read，take，write，tell，，wish，allow，offer，promise，throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel.= I lent a novel to her. 我借给她一本小说。
Please show her your photos.= Please show your photos to her.
请把你的照片给她看看。
(2)buy，do, make，find，build, choose，cut，draw, earn，gather，paint，pick, prepare get，order，sing，spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt.
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her.
她母亲给她买了一条红裙子。
Please do me a favor.= Please do a favor for me. 请帮个忙。
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(简称，主谓复合宾)
有些动词带一个宾语意思不完整，还需要一个宾语补足语进一步说明，意思才完整。宾语+宾语补足语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑的主谓关系。双宾语之间则没有逻辑的主谓关系。
可作宾语补足语的词类有：名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和介词短语。
常见的要求带宾补的动词有：make，elect，choose，call，name，leave，find, keep, think, set, let，see，show，ask，tell，invite，want，wish，advise，get，force，oblige，allow，permit，like，encourage，order，expect，prefer，hate，persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary.(名词)父母给她取名玛丽。
Do you find life hard here?(形容词)你感觉这儿的生活艰苦吗?
I’m so glad I found you in.(副词)我很高兴你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so.(不定式)我竭力劝他不要这样做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense.
(不带to 的不定式)我突然感到气氛紧张起来。
I noticed him leaving the house.(-ing形式)我注意到他离开房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated.
(-ed形式)看到他们受到这样好的待遇，我很高兴。
另外，有些动词要求用it作形式宾语，名词或形容词作宾补，如：make，find，feel，think.
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion.
(形容词)我觉得有必要谈谈我的意见。
思考题
1、什么叫双宾语?
2、什么叫复合宾语?
3、双宾语和复合宾语有什么区别?举例说明。
练习题：说出系列各句分别是哪种句型;如果含有宾补，请划出作宾补的词语。
1、The old man stopped to watch the children playing.
2、She is deeply moved.
3、What I want is this.
4、She is out.
5、Her job is looking after the children.
6、I hope that you can often write me letters.
7、Allow me a few minutes to read the magazine.
8、She offered an old man her seat.
9、She wrote a letter to me.(她写了封信给我。)
10、She wrote a letter for me.(她替我写了封信。)
11、How do you find the dish?
12、Please ask them upstairs.
13、Will you allow me to take this magazine home?
14、I’ve never seen you look so well before.
15、He kept you wait a long time.
16、They invited me to attend the party.
17、They made Smith the president of the University.
18、Doctors recognize Johnson as a leading authority.
19、His teacher advised him to take up the piano.
20、He gave me the facts in brief
第二节 并列句
并列句包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为“简单句+连词+简单句”或中间由“”连接。
1、表示延续、并列关系的连词有and(同，和)，so(所以，因此)，for, therefore(因为，所以)，not only…but(also)(不仅……而且)，neither…nor(既不……也不)等。如：
We help them and they help us.
我们帮助他们，他们帮助我们。
He has been working hard, so he has made much progress recently.
他一直努力工作，所以他近来取得了很大进步。
I think，therefore I exist.
我思故我在。
She not only writes her own plays, but she also acts in them.
她不仅自己编剧本，还饰演其中的角色。
He neither speaks English, nor understands it.
他既不会讲英语，也听不懂英语。
2、表示两者之间选择其一常用的有or(或者，否则)，otherwise(否则)，or else(否则)，either…or(不是……就是)。如：
Either he is to blame or I am.
不是他该受责，就是我该受责。
You must go to work or/or else/otherwise you’ll lose your job.
你得去上班了，要不然就要失去这份工作了。
3、表示转折关系的并列连词有but(但是)，yet(然而)，still(仍然)，however(然而)，while(而，可是另一方面)，whereas(而，反过来)等。
He is well over seventy, but he doesn’t look at all old.
他七十多岁，但看上去一点儿也不老。
She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艰苦训练，然而仍未达到自己的最佳状态。
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
第三节 复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句包括名词性从句(主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句)、状语从句和定语从句。 如：
What he said is true. 他所说的是真的。(主语从句)
I didn’t hear what he had said. 我没听见他说的什么。(宾语从句)
The question is who will go there. 问题是谁愿意去那里。(表语从句)
I was about to leave，when the telephone rang.
我正准备离开，电话响了。(状语从句)
This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的书。(定语从句)
名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句三大从句的具体用法下面我们要分别具体解释。
练习：判断下列句子是并列句还是复合句。
1. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.
2. Use your head，and you’11 find the answer.
3. Do what you’ve been told，otherwise you will be punished.
4. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
5. He is strong，while his brother is weak.
6. He got up early，(and)yet he failed to catch the early bus.
7. He knew what he wanted，however，he didn’t know how to get it.
8. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
9. When we’ll have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
10. She is weak, while his son is strong.
11. Though he is old，(yet)he works very hard.
12. I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
13. I am sure that we can get there on time.
14. Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Jack?
15. Where there is a will, there is a way.
16. Spring comes and trees turn green.
17. He doesn’t smoke，neither/nor does his brother.
18. I spoke so slowly that I could make myself understood.
第四节 名词性从句
一、 定义
首先，请同学们说出下列句各中划线词的词性及语法作用。
Mary is a teacher.
I like English.
结论：它们都是名词，在句中分别做主语、表语和宾语。即在英语中名词的主要作用是做主语、表语和宾语。
然后，我们一起分析下列各句中划线部分的语法作用。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论：它们分别做主语、宾语和表语。均起到了一个名词的作用。再者，划线部分本身就是一个句子，故在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句。
二、分类
请重读上述例句并依据它们在全句中的作用，说出它们具体的从句名称。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论：在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句;
起____作用的从句称为宾语从句;
起表语作用的从句称为____从句;
名词性从句分三类：主语从句;宾语从句和表语从句。
三、连词
引导名词性从句的引导词有三类：
1. that
2. whether/if(主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句);as if(主要用于引导表语从句)
3. who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how.
主语从句
that引导的主语从句
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
That she became monitor made us happy.
英文中有一种习惯，把that 引导的主语从句用it来代替它，即it做形式主语，把做真正主语的主语从句放在主句之后。如：
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
=It is certain that he will come tomorrow. 再例：
It is necessary that we learn English well.
It is a pity that we can’t go shopping.
It is said that he has been to England.
whether引导的主语从句
Whether she will be our teacher is not clear.
=It is not clear whether she will be our teacher.
Whether he will succeed or not doesn’t interest me.
=It doesn’t interest me whether he will succeed or not.
wh-词和how 引导的主语从句
(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why均以wh开头，故统称wh-词)
Who will be our English teacher has not been decided.
What you have said sounds reasonable.
注意：1. that在主语从句中不起任何语法作用，但不能省略。
2. if 不能引导主语从句。
宾语从句
它可以作动词谓语的宾语，也可作非谓语动词、某些介词和某些形容词的宾语。
that引导的宾语从句
I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
I am sure that we can get there on time.
由that引起的宾语从句在意思上相当于陈述句，此时that常可省去，但在以下几种情况下，that不可省。
1)that从句被短语，词组等与谓语动词分隔开时，that不可省。
They told us once again that this should never happen.
(此句中that引导的宾语从句被词组once again与主句隔开，因此that不可省。)
Everyone could see，I believe, that Mike was terrified.
(句中I believe为插入语，故that不可省)
2)当连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第二个从句及以后的连接词that不可省。
She said(that)her mother had gone abroad and that she would come back in a week.
whether，if 引导的宾语从句
I don，t know if/whether he has ever been to New York.
I wonder whether he can speak German or not.
以上例句中的whether和if(是否)都是引导宾语从句的，一般情况下whether，和if可互换。但在下列情况下whether和if不可换用。
1)whether之后可紧跟or not或构成whether.. .or not结构，if后一般不能紧跟or not,但可构成if...or not结构.
I wonder whether/if Mr.Smith has arrived or not.
I wonder whether or not Mr.Smith has arrived.(不可用if代替)
2)当宾语从句是否定句时，只可用if而不可用whether。
I don’t care if she doesn’t smile.
3)当该宾语从句为介词宾语时，只可用whether而不可用if.
I’m not interested in whether you are against the proposal or not.
4)当宾语从句中出现了并列连词or构成的并列结构时，只可用whether而不可用if.
He asked me whether I was a student or a teacher.
wh-词和how 引导的宾语从句
I can’t imagine why he did that thing.
Please tell me where you went yesterday.
注意：1. 整个复合句是疑问句时，其中的宾语从句应用陈述句的语序。
2. 当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时，宾语从句的谓语应用过去相应的时态。(表示真理的和客观事实的除外)
表语从句
that引导的表语从句
The reason was that he fell ill.
My idea is that we should spend our holiday in Qingdao.
as if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether it is worth doing.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
wh-词和how 引导的表语从句
Is this where he was born?
The important thing is what on earth has happened to him.
The question is who will go there.
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